To resist temptation, think short term -

It’s a familiar start-of-the-year scene. You’ve committed to a healthier lifestyle and are determined that this time is going to be different. Your refrigerator is stocked with fruits and veggies, you’ve tossed out processed foods, and your workout routine is written in pen in your daily planner.

Yet, as you head out one morning, the tantalizing aroma of fresh doughnuts wafts through the air. How can you resist the call of this sugary treat and stick with your healthy choices?

Conventional wisdom, grounded in years of research, suggests that the best way to resist unhealthy choices is to think about the long-term consequences. For example, you could consider how the added sugar from eating too many doughnuts can lead to diabetes and obesity. Thinking about these long-term consequences, the argument goes, should help you avoid indulging right now and better stick to your goals.

But, in our combined 25 years of experience investigating people’s self-control behavior and motivation, we have learned that, in the heat of the moment, people often overlook distant outcomes, diminishing the effectiveness of strategies focused on the long term.

A better way is to focus on the short term. Here are three approaches, backed by research, to help you stick to healthier habits.

Consider short-term consequences

We tested this approach in seven studies with more than 4,000 participants.

In one study, we invited university students to view one of two public service announcements detailing reasons to avoid energy drinks. One message emphasized long-term costs of drinking high-sugar energy drinks, such as diabetes and obesity. The other stressed short-term costs such as anxiety and a sugar and caffeine crash.

Students then had a choice between receiving an energy drink or another attractive prize. Those who read about the short-term costs were 25 percent less likely to choose the energy drink than those who read about the long-term costs.

In another study with a similar setup, participants read about either the short-term costs of eating sugar or the long-term costs of eating sugar, or did not read about any downsides. Everyone then had to choose a delivery of cookies or a tote bag. Those who read about the short-term costs were 30 percent less likely to choose the cookies than those who read about the long-term costs, and 45 percent less likely than those who didn’t read about any detriments to sugar.

We found that emphasizing short-term costs can also help you avoid other temptations. For alcohol, think about how excessive drinking can lead to poor sleep and hangovers. For fast food, think about how it can make you feel bloated or give you indigestion.

Focus on the fun of healthy options

Avoiding unhealthy foods is one thing. On the flip side, can you nudge yourself toward consuming more healthy foods?

Research one of us conducted with behavioral scientist Ayelet Fishbach found that prompting people to focus on the good taste — rather than the health benefits — of foods such as apples and carrots increased consumption in the lab and the real world. These findings were independently replicated in an intervention at five university dining halls that used food labels focused on either tastiness or healthfulness.

This strategy can also promote other healthy behavior such as exercise. In one study, gymgoers were asked to choose a weightlifting workout from a list of similarly difficult routines. The participants who were instructed to select a fun exercise completed more reps than those told to pick an exercise most useful for their long-term fitness goals.

Focusing on the immediate vs. delayed benefits of behaviors such as healthy eating and exercise can increase intrinsic motivation, making a behavior feel like its own reward, and the immersed-in-an-activity feeling called “flow.”

Timing the reward sweet spot

Starting healthy behaviors is one important piece of the puzzle; another is sticking with these behaviors over time. One strategy for persistence is to use rewards to stay committed.

Research led by Marissa Sharif, an assistant professor of marketing at the Wharton School, involving over 5,000 people across eight experiments found that small, regular rewards were more effective for cultivating long-term commitment to healthy behavior such as exercising and flossing than were large, occasional rewards. Think watching 20 minutes of a guilty-pleasure TV show each day you work out, rather than waiting until the end of the week to watch 80 minutes of TV to reward yourself for four workouts.

But there’s a twist: Rewarding yourself too early may backfire. Rewards are most effective when people have to work to unlock them, after which they become regular.

In a study on exercise, participants engaged in four initial workouts that came with no rewards. Then a work-to-unlock-rewards group began to receive small continuous rewards for each subsequent workout. They ended up persisting longer and completing more workouts than people in a lump-sum group who received a larger, occasional reward for every four workouts they finished.

A similar effect was evident in a 12-day study on flossing. People in the work-to-unlock-rewards group — three days of flossing without rewards followed by daily rewards — flossed for more days than those who received continuous rewards right away. Those who had to commit extra effort to unlock the rewards flossed 15 percent more days.

Resistance, enjoyment and persistence

Our research highlights three effective strategies to help you achieve your goals: prioritizing short-term consequences to resist temptation, finding enjoyment in long-term choices and continuously rewarding yourself for sustained persistence.

What’s great about these strategies is that you can adapt them to any personal goal you hold. For instance, if you’re finding it hard to swap social media for a book, consider reflecting on negative short-term consequences of endless scrolling.

By incorporating these evidence-based approaches, you can empower yourself to follow through on your long-term goals.

Kaitlin Woolley is an associate marketing professor at Cornell University, and Paul Stillman is an assistant marketing professor at San Diego State University.

This article was produced in collaboration with theconversation.com.

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